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The Practical Apache Way
Effective Open Source Project Management
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@ShaneCurcuru
Slides with Speaker Notes
]
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The Apache Way Introduction
The Apache Way are practices designed to promote:
- long-lived projects
- serving the public good, by focusing on
- community-led governance,
- welcoming new contributors,
- maintaining vendor neutrality
These behaviors are required of all Apache projects.
.bottomnote[https://www.apache.org/theapacheway/]
??? High level intro, mention concepts: community, openness, merit, consensus.
These behaviors can serve any open community - but are required at Apache projects.
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Apache Way History
- Creation of the ASF as a Foundation
- PMC Organization and Growth
- History of the Apache Way
??? The traditional Apache Way talk leads you through the journey of the ASF itself, how it was founded, the history of our communities, and a lot of other stuff from our past and how we built the Way over time.
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What we AREN’T Talking About
- But I’m not going to do that
- How much does history matter to newcomers?
- You want actionable information on What To Do!
??? But how important is that today? You want to learn the behaviors, right? Actionable information. Let’s get to the good stuff. Along with “what to do”, I’ll provide some of the “Why we do it that way” too, since it’s always important to understand the rationale behind the Way.
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Apache Way Menu
What should we talk about next?
- Community - over Code
- Merit - recognizing your work
- Open Development - for everything
- Decision Making - consensus & votes
- Communication - how we write
- Charity - our mission
- Questions To Answer
.footnote[The Apache Way is participatory! You are part of the community!]
??? Community Over Code also means that You Need To Participate.
Each of these is a set of topics about a kind of behaviors that Apache projects are expected to follow. What do you want to talk about?
Note: there’s an obvious first topic to cover!
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Community
.footnote[ Take a different way? | Continue Onward? ]
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Community
- What do we mean by community here?
- We don’t live together
- We don’t work together
- We don’t know each other
- Except through this project
.topnote[new contributors]
??? What does community mean here? Working on an independent open source project is very different than most other human activities. There are no other ties between project contributors who are widely distributed in location, in time, in experience, and in jobs outside our project itself. SPACEBAR
–
- Community includes developers, writers, testers, sysadmins, devops, marketing, conferences… and users.
.bottomnote[https://theapacheway.com/community/]
??? We should focus on an entire project community - all of us working to create or improve this specific projects in some way, and all the end users who come by with questions or bugs or improvements. The important thing is that the community owns our project. Not you, not me, not your company. All of us, together.
Having a shared sense of communal ownership keeps our work and goals aligned. Being able to become a committer or PMC member with binding input in a project is a clear incentive. Also: while contributors may be on other projects as well, many participants will only know you from a single project.
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No Jerks Allowed
- “No jerks allowed” - a key early message
- Apache communities value group contributors, not lone wolves
- Diverse communities attract more new contributors over time
- BDFL not allowed in Apache PMCs
.bottomnote[https://www.apache.org/foundation/policies/conduct] .topnote[new contributors]
??? There are many ways to say this - No Jerks Allowed, Avoid Poisonous People, be decent, follow the code of conduct, whatever. When everyone volunteers and people do this as a side task or second effort, ensuring that everyone is welcome is the most important factor for a long-lived healthy project. Our communities rely on many volunteers; ensuring it’s a welcoming project for newcomers should be your goal.
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.bottomnote[https://www.apache.org/foundation/policies/conduct]
??? In the immortal words of Bill and Ted: Be Excellent To Each Other.
This is important for any community, and doubly so for Apache projects, since we’re all also part of the larger ASF community. We have a code of conduct - not because we want to use it, but because we don’t want to have to use it, since the great majority of our communities keep discussion polite to start with.
Plus, when everyone is a volunteer, raising your concerns politely and concisely is more likely to get people to help you.
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Wear Your Hats
- You are an individual here - not an employee
- All participation is by individuals - not companies
- Individuals get recognition
- Side effect for corporate teams: each employee participates separately
- Side effect for you: your merit stays with you across jobs
.bottomnote[https://theapacheway.com/hats/] .topnote[vendor neutral]
???
The ASF does not allow direct corporate participation in projects.
The ASF recognizes individual contributions. Merit accrues to individuals, and they
are expected to act appropriately within each project community as
an individual, not as an employee.
“Wearing your hat” may be a polite fiction - many employment agreements require putting employer interests first - but it’s a key part of Apache projects.
This ensures that newcomers - from big employers or small ones - are welcome in our projects, and also means that the merit you gain in an Apache project stays with you, no matter where you work. That helps encourage long-lived participants, across jobs, and allows those with deep expertise in Apache projects a better chance to continue their contribution over time.
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Check Job Titles At The Door
- Job titles don’t apply in projects
- Not talking about hierarchy
- Because we don’t have one
- Each project is separate
- Each PMC member gets one vote
“It’s not a hierarchy, it’s a community”
.bottomnote[https://theapacheway.com/individuals/] .topnote[community-led governance]
??? Wearing your project hat means you’re acting on behalf of the project as a whole, not your employer. Sometimes you need to do things as an employee; that’s fine. But mark it clearly, and when voting on serious project decisions, wear your project hat.
Yes - this sometimes means as an employee, you may be collaborating on a specific project technology with employees of your corporate competitors. This is fine - in fact, it’s part of why Apache is called the Switzerland of open source; we are the vendor-neutral place were everyone can work together on specific technologies.
In any case: please do thank your employer (when appropriate) for giving you time to contribute back to ASF projects!
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Independent Governance
- PMCs are community-led governance
- ASF projects are vendor-neutral
- ASF owns the trademarks
- ASF board ensures neutrality
.bottomnote[https://community.apache.org/projectIndependence.html] .topnote[long-lived projects]
??? The net effect of all the above is that projects are governed for the public good and the best interests of the project community as a whole.
PMCs are expected to make releases and vote in new committers based on how many positive contributions individuals make in the project, not on their employer or background.
When PMCs slack in their duties, the board is here to provide oversight and if necessary, correction. Both at the PMC level and the board level we expect people to act for the public good - and the fact we are a 501C3 organization, with directors elected from merit - not sponsor dollars - means we can back it up.
It’s rare, but the board can and will step in if a commercial company is abusing their influence within an Apache project; we also have a Vice President of Brand Management who addresses trademark issues.
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Merit
Take a different way? | Continue Onward? |
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What YOU Have Done
The contributions you have brought to the specific project, as defined in the context of that project by its community.
“You gain merit by doing things that specific community values”
.bottomnote[https://theapacheway.com/merit/] .topnote[community-led governance]
??? Merit at the ASF is often misunderstood, and perhaps (in retrospect) it wasn’t the best term to choose. But the meaning here is specific, and is focused on actual project contributions, not employment, background, or other personal characteristics.
Your merit is the value you bring to a project as judged by that project’s community.
Every project is its own merit structure. Merit is not transferable, and it doesn’t expire. It may get stale through inactivity, but it stays with you through jobs and careers. If you come back to a project after being away, you’ll still be a committer.
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Growing Your Scope
The more you do, the more power you may be granted to take actions:
- User
- Contributor
- Committer
- PMC Member
- PMC Chair / VP
- ASF Member
- Director
.bottomnote[https://community.apache.org/contributor-ladder.html] .topnote[long-lived projects]
??? Each step is defined by the merit you are recognized for by that specific community. Each step means you can get a vote on new tasks.
The key steps are being a committer - changing code yourself - and being
a PMC member - voting on releases or new committers on that project.
Most of the other levels are about visibility and having a say, but not
necessarily having a deciding vote.
In particular, Project VPs / Chairs of their PMC don’t have any extra votes; their duties are really ensuring accurate reports get to the board, and any board questions get addressed by the PMC as a whole.
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Merit is Not Authority
Leaders or managers?
“Merit gets you privileges - commit access, voting on committers”
“Merit does not buy you authority - community must still agree”
.topnote[community-led governance]
??? You are still part of the community - it’s not a hierarchy; everyone with merit (commit bit) has a chance to influence the consensus in most project decisions equally.
Everyone can propose and commit new work. Just because you don’t find it valuable, doesn’t mean some other part of the community can’t think it’s valuable to them. Merit is about the ability to do new things, not really about stopping the rest of the community from their new work.
Enough merit in a project can gain you Respect in the community. People will listen to you because they respect and trust your judgement, not because you have authority in the project.
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Caution: Umbrella projects
Apache Jakarta was an umbrella project - with many different sub-projects and components and communities - each slightly different.
PMCs must be coherent communities to equitably recognize merit.
??? A cautionary tale: in the past, we have had successful projects that grew in scope - both technical and social - until they were too big to govern themselves effectively.
When a project grows such that different groups of committers running modules can’t evaluate each other’s work - or vote on releases - it’s probably too big.
The board is here to backstop communities. Each community needs to be coherent and work as a single unit - when you’re bigger than that, you should consider splitting up into separate projects, if they are each under active development.
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Open Development
Take a different way? | Continue Onward? |
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Time Shifting Communications
- Asynchronous communication enables:
- …a dispersed community
- …dispersed in space
- …dispersed in abilities / expertise
- …dispersed in motivation
- …dispersed in time
- Only know each other through the project
.topnote[new contributors]
??? Remember: we are a dispersed community, each with our own lives and jobs. We need to show the work we’re doing - and allow feedback - in whatever timeframe works for everyone else on the project.
You don’t need to wait for everyone’s feedback - but do recognize that sometimes other committers will have better ideas, or will be willing to do some of the work for you. That’s why formal decisions in Apache projects always have a minimum amount of time that must pass before getting finalized.
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Archiving Everything
If It Didn’t Happen On-List It Didn’t Happen
- Archived and searchable history provides time for
- feedback
- critique
- new ideas
- others to show their work
- Must be public list unless there’s a reason for private list
.bottomnote[https://theapacheway.com/on-list/] .topnote[long-lived projects]
??? Note: while the ASF currently relies on mailing lists, this is changing: what we really mean is: if it didn’t happen in an official archived and searchable place, then it didn’t happen.
Archiving everything means that newcomers can get up to speed with all the information of the project available for them in an easy to share and search way. Even if your documentation doesn’t lead new users through this, having it available both for people to find, and especially for people to reference when questions come up is the most important thing.
You should default to using a public list - like dev@ or user@ - for almost everything. There are only a few things, like security bugs or personnel matters - that should be done on private lists.
Archiving things is just another way to enable long-term time-shifting.
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Make Transparent Decisions
- Your motives aren’t transparent to the community!
- Motivated by boss, by outside technical need, by just being a geek
- How does this decision benefit the project
- A better way to work is:
- Telegraph your intent
- Draft designs openly
- Submit work in chunks
- Welcome feedback along the way
.bottomnote[https://theapacheway.com/open/] .topnote[new contributors]
??? Ensuring decisions are made openly - when everyone has the same information and time to read it - is required of Apache projects.’s required.
- Telegraph your intent: email dev@ with your ideas ahead of time. This allows feedback, encouragement, someone else to point out similar code is already over there, etc.
- Draft designs openly. Put the rough first draft on the wiki/website/dev@ list, and then do your edits in public. This allows feedback on the architecture as it’s being built, and again, gets better ideas. It also allows a sense of community ownership.
- Submit work in chunks (add: on a regular and frequent basis). Checkin the shell of the API. Then checkin each section of implementation. If you’re waiting for your code to look perfect before showing anyone else, you’re not really helping the community. Doing the development in the open allows for… you guessed it, feedback.
- Welcome feedback along the way. This doesn’t mean you need to accept every change request or suggestion. But it does mean you can take the best ideas from the whole community to add them easily, as the individual bits of work are being done.
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Apache The Pragmatic License
- Apache License v2.0
- Maximum user freedom
- Trust in ASF as organization
- To maintain open development
- To continue to provide source code
Apache Attic - where quiet projects slumber forever
.bottomnote[https://theapacheway.com/pragmatic/] .topnote[long-lived projects]
??? A goal of the ASF is to encourage maximum inbound contributions. Using the broadly permissive Apache License v2.0 is a key part of this - both from the legal details point of view, and as an important and enduring part of the Apache brand.
People trust they can just use stuff from Apache without being surprised by any unusual licenses or changes. They also trust that Apache will be around in 10 years to provide access to the source code. The Apache Attic is here to maintain every codebase we’ve ever shipped, to be available read-only as long as the ASF itself is around.
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Decision Making
Take a different way? | Continue Onward? |
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Consensus Preferred
- Consensus within each community
- Choose best path forward
- Or even just some improvement
- Your perfection may be someone else’s “meh”
.bottomnote[https://theapacheway.com/consensus/] .topnote[community-led governance]
??? There is no perfection - just getting better step by step. Our goal is to serve the public good, so any new features - as long as they don’t fail the tests or unduly slow down performance - are a good thing.
Consensus doesn’t mean everyone thinks it’s perfect - just that any proposed change is better somehow than we have now.
Building a true consensus is important for major changes. But for minor changes, going for “Lazy consensus” is fine: providing an opportunity for people to object; if no one does, go ahead.
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Votes When Needed
“Voting is a way to record an official consensus”
“Voting is a shortcut to move consensus forward quickly when required”
.bottomnote[https://community.apache.org/committers/decisionMaking.html] .topnote[community-led governance]
??? Here are two quotes about voting - the +1/-1 you’ve all heard about. One of these is a good use of voting, the other is… necessary.
You must vote on releases. In some cases, the vote is the formal record that a PMC or the board made a decision. That keeps the decision an act of the ASF as a foundation, and not just a bunch of individual developers. Votes are also normally used on new committers/PMC.
Voting to speed consensus… it can be OK in some cases, but where possilbe we prefer to work through to a better consensus. Some projects choose as a whole community to use votes more often, if that works for them. As long as the decision process allows the whole project community to have their input, the use of votes or full consensus is up to the project.
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Timeline For Decisions
- Minimum time to make a decision: 72 hours
- Allows time-shifted input from community
.topnote[community-led governance]
??? Your project community is from around the world, and from all sorts of backgrounds. For example, some people commit during a dayjob; some people only have time on weekends or when the kids are asleep.
Ensuring sufficient time for most community members to comment is required for major decisions in Apache projects.
One exception is for security issues: serious security breaches can be fixed as soon as possible, to help ensure our users aren’t harmed.
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No External Deadlines
- Because we don’t have any - besides those we agree on together
- Because our deadlines are earliest date something could happen
.topnote[long-lived projects]
??? The ASF relies on volunteers (from the Apache perspective) to do our work. Therefore in project areas, we don’t have deadlines, other then ones the project defines as a community. Working towards a project roadmap is a great way to encourage users and contributors - but if the project slips deadlines, that’s just fine.
Remember: security issues often do have deadlines.
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Communication
Take a different way? | Continue Onward? |
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Be Kind
Be kind.
Everyone here is a human being, and a volunteer.
.topnote[new contributors]
??? Remember: everyone else in the community here at Apache is a volunteer. Being kind in your words and tone, and respecting everyone else’s input (even if you disagree) and especially respecting everyone else’s time that they volunteer for your project is important.
We can and do often have serious disagreements. But doing so with communication styles that are kind and respectful is critical for the long term health of any project - or even just to get other project participants to vote or help with your ideas.
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Netiquette
Ask smart questions
Remember: everyone else is a volunteer - make it easy for them to answer your question.
.bottomnote[https://infra.apache.org/contributors] .topnote[new contributors]
??? Netiquette. Smart questions. Reproduceable bug reports. Clearly communicating the what, why, and how of your request.
Asking smart questions means respecting the time of all the other volunteers reading your email - and ensures that they know what action you’re requesting (bugfix, information, project suggestion) quickly and easily just from what you wrote.
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Codes of Conduct
Don’t be a jerk; avoid the poisonous people… and help the community do something about it.
ASF Code of Conduct
https://www.apache.org/foundation/policies/conduct
.topnote[new contributors]
??? The ASF has a Foundation-wide code of conduct that is required behavior in all Apache project and foundation spaces.
The intent of the Code of Conduct is not to be a hammer; it’s meant to be a framework we can use to help both individuals and whole communities to see the expected standards of discourse we want on Apache lists.
How Open Source Projects Survive Poisonous People https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-F-3E8pyjFo
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Language
“The core development activity must be in English.”
- Translation software isn’t social
- The whole community must be able to evaluate your work
- The board provides oversight to all communities
.topnote[community-led governance]
??? At the current time, it’s only practical for the ASF to provide governance and hosting to communities that can operate their primary dev@ list in English.
This doesn’t mean it can’t be done - it certainly is being done in China and elsewhere - just that the ASF can’t support non-english as the primary project planning language. User support, translation, outside evangelist work can be in any language, as long as you can report the status of your work periodically to the project in English.
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Charity
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Apache Software Is Always Free
- Free of cost forever
- Free of restrictions
- Apache license means no surprises
https://www.apache.org/free/
.bottomnote[https://theapacheway.com/charity/] .topnote[long-lived projects]
???
The ASF is a public charity, and our mission is explicitly to produce software that
is useful, and always free of cost or restrictions for people to use.
Alongside the permissive Apache license itself, the ASF’s policies around
acceptable software that our projects can contain is focused on ensuring that
users don’t find any surprising restrictions in any of our products.
While our pragmatic licensing focuses on the legal enablement of open source, so that everyone can contribute, many ASF committers also have some form of altruism guiding their work - enjoying building things for free to give away.
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Where next?
Take a different way? | Continue Onward? |
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The Apache Way
Needs Your Input!
These slides - and indeed the whole of the apache.org
website
and Shane’s theapacheway.com
website - are open source.
Get involved with documentation - improve the Apache Way!
.code[ https://www.apache.org/theapacheway/
https://theapacheway.com/about/ ]
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Thank You & Questions!
.footnote[ By: @ShaneCurcuru | Apache v2.0 | shaneslides.com ]